See our original translation of a PRC government action plan that lays out numerous institutional measures to spur the conversion of technological breakthroughs into commercial or practical uses.

See our original translation of a 2016 PRC document, issued by the Ministry of Education, establishing guidelines for how Chinese universities should convert their research breakthroughs into commercial or otherwise practical use.

See our original translation of a 2016 PRC document from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

As the United States seeks to maintain a competitive edge in artificial intelligence, the strength of its AI workforce will be of paramount importance. In order to understand the current state of the domestic AI workforce, Diana Gehlhaus and Santiago Mutis define the AI workforce and offer a preliminary assessment of its size, composition, and key characteristics. Among their findings: The domestic supply of AI talent consisted of an estimated 14 million workers (or about 9% of total U.S. employment) as of 2018.

U.S. research security requires trust and collaboration between those conducting R&D and the federal government. Most R&D takes place in the private sector, outside of government authority and control, and researchers are wary of federal government or law enforcement involvement in their work. Despite these challenges, as adversaries work to extract science, technology, data and know-how from the United States, the U.S. government is pursuing an ambitious research security initiative. In order to secure the 78 percent of U.S. R&D funded outside the government, authors Melissa Flagg and Zachary Arnold propose a new, public-private research security clearinghouse, with leadership from academia, business, philanthropy, and government and a presence in the most active R&D hubs across the United States.

As states turn to AI to gain an edge in cyber competition, it will change the cat-and-mouse game between cyber attackers and defenders. Embracing machine learning systems for cyber defense could drive more aggressive and destabilizing engagements between states. Wyatt Hoffman writes that cyber competition already has the ingredients needed for escalation to real-world violence, even if these ingredients have yet to come together in the right conditions.

See our original translation of a 2014 PRC document describing the types of permits and certifications Chinese companies need to bid for military contracts.

See our original translation of a 2007 PRC document from the predecessor office of China's State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.

See our original translation of a 2007 document from the predecessor office of the PRC State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.

See our original translation of a National Development and Reform Commission Press Conference from October 2020.