Congress is aiming to hobble China’s ability to recruit scientists and academics in the U.S. as part of broader moves in Washington to confront the Asian nation’s growing clout.

A recently passed House bill to bolster American research and development would bar scientists and academics from participating in U.S.-funded research projects if they are also receiving support from Beijing.

“For years, Congress, federal research agencies, the national security agencies and universities have been working to root out malign foreign talent recruitment,” Iowa Republican Representative Randy Feenstra, who introduced the measure, said during a committee hearing on the legislation. “The time has come to simply prohibit them from receiving U.S. taxpayer dollars.”

Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Zhao Lijian avoided a question on the bill during a regular press briefing Monday in Beijing, saying he was unaware of the matter.

House passage of the restriction is yet another sign of the strained relationship between the world’s two biggest economies, even at the level of academic inquiry that has attracted hundreds of thousands of Chinese students and scholars to the U.S. It comes as the U.S. government is taking a harder line on China.

The U.S., U.K. and their allies on Monday formally attributed the Microsoft Exchange hack to actors affiliated with the Chinese government and accused the Chinese government of a broad array of “malicious cyber activities.”

The U.S. also charged four Chinese nationals affiliated with the Ministry of State Security with a campaign to hack into computer systems of dozens of companies, universities and and government entities in the U.S. and abroad between 2011 and 2018.

The Biden administration is planning a range of moves to protect American interests in the region, including issuing a warning Friday to investors about the risks of doing business in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, Congress is moving to punish the government in Beijing over trade, human rights and intellectual property.

The question of how to counter attempts by Beijing to obtain sensitive or proprietary information through means other than traditional espionage has proved vexing for lawmakers and law enforcement officials alike. According to the Justice Department, there is a link to China in about 60% of all trade secret theft cases and about 80% of all economic espionage prosecutions involve conduct that would benefit the Chinese government.

The Senate took a stab at it with a proposal to give closer federal scrutiny of donations to U.S. institutions of higher education from overseas. However that was watered down when it was included in broader legislation to enhance U.S. competitiveness after colleges and universities complained that its requirements would be onerous and ultimately harmful to U.S. innovation.

Feenstra’s provision would have the National Science Foundation establish a requirement that individuals certify that they aren’t an active participant of a “malign foreign talent recruitment program.” Although it includes North Korea, Russia and Iran, it is clearly aimed at China’s Thousand Talents program to attract scientists and entrepreneurs from top U.S. institutions. The Chinese government-backed initiative has been tied to several high-profile arrests, including Harvard professor Charles Lieber, who was indicted on charges of making false statements to federal authorities regarding his participation in the program. Lieber has pleaded not guilty and is awaiting trial.

The American Council on Education, a trade group for U.S. universities, said it’s been watching the Thousand Talents program since China’s talent recruitment plans were the subject of a 2019 Senate report, said Sarah Spreitzer, director of government relations. The report concluded that China seeks American research and expertise for its own economic and military gain.

Congress has been clear that they don’t want to stop all academic exchanges and they understand the importance of these research partnerships and scholarly exchanges, Spreitzer said.

“We’re going to have to look closely at how the talent recruitment programs are defined,” she said. “It’s better if narrowly focused on specific countries. Anything else to more narrowly focus it to address those specific concerns is better than banning any academic or scholarly exchange programs between those countries.”

Emily Weinstein, a research analyst at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology, said the House’s approach eliminates some of the perils inherit in focusing too narrowly on China or the Thousand Talents program, one of the criticisms of the Justice Department’s China Initiative aimed at economic espionage and influence operations.

“We don’t want to build up our national security apparatus to target one country because we’re going to shoot ourselves in the foot,” Weinstein said in an interview. “This is not something that is targeted at anyone specifically. This is not something that applies to Chinese researchers, for instance. This is something that applies to anyone in the United States that is doing something that is counter to U.S. national security interests or even counter to U.S. academic freedom.”

But Tobita Chow, the director of advocacy group Justice is Global, said the measure could have a corrosive impact on research and stifle collaboration between the two countries.