This blog examines 18 AI-related laws that California enacted in 2024, 8 of which are explored in more detail in an accompanying CSET Emerging Technology Observatory (ETO) blog. This blog also chronicles California’s history of regulating AI and other emerging technologies and highlights several AI bills that have moved through the California legislature in 2025.

To protect Europeans from the risks posed by artificial intelligence, the EU passed its AI Act last year. This month, the EU released a Code of Practice to help providers of general purpose AI comply with the AI Act. This blog reviews the measures set out in the new Code’s safety and security chapter, assesses how they compare to existing practices, and what the Code’s global impact might be.

Effectively evaluating AI models is more crucial than ever. But how do AI evaluations actually work? Our explainer lays out the different fundamental types of AI safety evaluations alongside their respective strengths and limitations.

The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act has officially come into force today after more than five years of legislative processes and negotiations. While marking a significant milestone, it also initiates a prolonged phase of implementation, refinement, and enforcement. This blog post outlines key aspects of the regulation, such as rules for general-purpose AI and governance structures, and provides insights into its timeline and future expectations.

Large language models (LLMs), the technology that powers generative artificial intelligence (AI) products like ChatGPT or Google Gemini, are often thought of as chatbots that predict the next word. But that isn't the full story of what LLMs are and how they work. This is the third blog post in a three-part series explaining some key elements of how LLMs function. This blog post explains how AI developers are finding ways to use LLMs for much more than just generating text.

Large language models (LLMs), the technology that powers generative artificial intelligence (AI) products like ChatGPT or Google Gemini, are often thought of as chatbots that predict the next word. But that isn't the full story of what LLMs are and how they work. This is the second blog post in a three-part series explaining some key elements of how LLMs function. This blog post explores fine-tuning—a set of techniques used to change the types of output that pre-trained models produce.

The October 30, 2023, White House executive order on artificial intelligence requires companies developing the most advanced AI models to report safety testing results to the federal government. CSET Horizon Junior Fellow Thomas Woodside writes that these requirements are a good first step towards managing uncertain risks and Congress should consider codifying them into law.

This guide provides a run-down of CSET’s research since 2019 for first-time visitors and long-term fans alike. Quickly get up to speed on our “must-read” research and learn about how we organize our work.

There’s a lot to digest in the October 30 White House’s AI Executive Order. Our tracker is a useful starting point to identify key provisions and monitor the government’s progress against specific milestones, but grappling with the substance is an entirely different matter. This blog post, focusing on Section 4 of the EO (“Developing Guidelines, Standards, and Best Practices for AI Safety and Security”), is the first in a series that summarizes interesting provisions, shares some of our initial reactions, and highlights some of CSET’s research that may help the USG tackle the EO.

On October 30, 2023, the Biden administration released its long-awaited Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. CSET has broken down the EO, focusing on specific government deliverables. Our EO Provision and Timeline tracker lists which agencies are responsible for actioning EO provisions and their deadlines.